Input - Data entered
Process - CPU works
Output - Result diplayed
IPO stands for: Input → Process → Output
1. What is a Computer?
A computer is an electronic programmable machine that:
Inputs → Processes → Stores → Outputs data.
It converts data into meaningful information.
2. IPO Cycle (Very Important)
3. Characterstics of Computer
- Speed
- Accuracy
- Storage
- Automation
- Versatility
4. Types of Computers
- Microcomputer - Personal Computer
- Mini Computer
- Mainframe Computer
- Supercomputer - Fastest(Examples: PARAM, Prithvi)
5. Hardware vs Software
Hardware - Physical parts (keyboard, mouse)
Software - Instrucitons (Windows, MS Word)
OS is which Softwar? - System Software
6. Input Devices
- Keyboard
- Mouse
- Scanner
- Microphone
- Barcode Reader
- Joystick
7. Output Devices
- Monitor
- Printer
- Speaker
- Plotter
- Projector
Best quality printer? - Laser Printer
8. Conputer Memory
Primary Memory
RAM(Random Access Memory) - Volatile
ROM(Read Only Memory) - Non-volatile
Which memory is volatile? - RAM
Which memory stores booting? - ROM
Secondary Memory
HDD(Hard Disk Drive)
SSD(Solid State Drive) - Fastest
Pen Drive
CD/DVD(Comapct Disk/Digital Versatile Disc)
Memory Card
9. Units of Memory
1 KB = 1024 Bytes
1 MB = 1024 KB
1 GB = 1024 MB
1 TB = 1024 GB
10. Number System Basics
Binary - Base 2
Octal - Base 8
Decimal - Base 10
Hexadecimal - Base 16
Binary uses 0 and 1
11. Computer Languages
Machine Language - 0 & 1
Assembly - Mnemonics
High-Level - C,C++, Java, Python
12. Generations of Computers
1st Gen - Vacum Tubes
2nd Gen - Transistors
3rd Gen - IC
4th Gen - Microprocessors
5th Gen - AI
13. Operating Systems (OS)
Examples:
- Windows
- Linux
- macOS
- Android
Funcions of OS:
- Manages Hardware
- Manage Files
- Manages Memory
- Runs Applications
Which OS is open souce? - Linux
14. Computer Viruses
Virus - Harmful program
Worm - Spreads through network
Torjan - Looks safe but harmful
Ransomware - Locks files for money
Prevention:
- Install Antivirus
- Don't open unknown links
WORM stands for? - Write Once Read Many / Network Worm
15. Computer Security
Passwords
Encryption
Firewall
Antivirus
What protects network from unauthorized access? - Firewall